Last week, we ended with the importance of unconditional love; this week we continue on this path of aspects that help in healing.

“If you look at your life right now and say you are really happy… what are the main threads that give meaning to it?”

“Yeah… my partner of course… He’s just so amazing…” Several times during our conversation, her eyes have glistened and turned red around the edges, but now that she is confronted with the question of what gives meaning to her life, the tears flow freely. She receives a hug, grabs a tissue from the kitchen and sits down again. She says that having a partner who loves her unconditionally is by far the best thing that ever happened to her.

It is amazing to see how in the end, it usually boils down to this: strong, loving relationships with others make humans thrive. We are indeed hardwired for connection. With it, we feel abundance; we grow and flourish. Without it, we feel deprived; we suffer and perish. When we feel heard and seen, we can heal from what was painful. When we feel safe and secure, we can compassionately inquire into ourselves and work on our issues and our healing.

She continues with an emotion-loaded voice: “He’s just infinitely patient with me. I’ve had to deal with all of this shit before and I was talking to a friend who said: ‘Why go to a psychologist now, when you’ve been away for seven years?” I think in the first years I was away from home I was so good at pushing it away, always worried about another visa, or country or whatever. There was never the mental space to grapple with all this shit and go through it and process it. I left at 18 and never dealt with it. Now I feel more secure; I have a job, a loving partner, I’m not stressed about making it to the end of the month anymore. All of a sudden, I have this mental space and things started to come up. That’s when I thought: ‘Okay, I need a professional to help me through this!’ ”

“That’s very brave of you!”

“Yeah! My partner has been there from the beginning of this process, about four years ago. Learning to recognise things in myself, dealing with all the shit coming up, learning to apologise, and he has been so infinitely patient with it all and shown me unconditional love which is like the best thing… Wow! He is definitely on the top of that list.”

“Are you aware that there must be something lovable about you…? I mean he’s not just being a sucker picking up some victim and playing the rescue role here, right?”

“Well… yeah… but sometimes I wonder if I’m just being manipulative once again in making him love me by saying the right words and making him do the right things for me.”

“This is how deep this feeling is rooted… that even if you are truly loved, you’re still wondering whether you’re truly worth it.”

“Yes, absolutely. It’s hard to accept the unconditional aspect of it, because I still feel I’m not worthy of that connection.”

For many people with trauma, the aspect of ‘worthiness’ is very prominent. Losing the connection with our true selves can make it hard to deeply trust that we are worthy of love and connection and joy in life. Related to this, we return to the theme of staying true to yourself, of being authentic and feeling okay with that.

“How authentic do you feel you can be in your current life and work?”

Elizabeth sighs: “Euhm… not very, I think… It depends on the situation, but I always find I’m checking and re-checking myself, especially in social situations. I feel that there is no way I can be myself and people accept me. That is such a bold way of looking at social encounters, that… well… there’s no way!” She speaks with passion and together we laugh about it, consciously aware of the fact that apparently, there is still a long way to go.

We teasingly challenge her: “What would that look like, the authentic Elizabeth?!”

She lightens up: “Very outspoken, very loud, interested in a whole bunch of things! I feel that I’m sort of this all-encompassing bridge between topics and areas of interest that most people do not combine, but I can’t really talk openly about all these topics, because people could be like ‘oh, it’s weird that she’s into that, because our group is not into that’. So yeah… the authentic Elizabeth is much louder than she comes across, and not constantly careful about the way she approaches things. I’m constantly re-evaluating and overthinking things, and that should not be part of my authenticity.”

We speak about the impact of stress on the body, of being alert to danger all the time, after Elizabeth mentions that she had a blood analysis recently and had some unexpected values. She says: “I didn’t realize until now that stress has this very strong impact on the body.”

“Oh, this is interesting! You didn’t realise that until recently? Actually, this is the whole point and it’s called ‘psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology’, describing the effect of the psyche on neurophysiology and the immune system and hormonal regulation. Actually, it’s implied in what some see as an important definition of trauma: it’s not what happens to you, but ‘what happens inside of you as a consequence of what happens to you’. It can be seen as ‘a wound of the spirit’, a disconnection from the self. You were talking about your sisters just taking everything in and suppressing how they felt with regard to your parents. But what we see is that if you suppress or de-press your emotions and feelings, you de-press your immune system and this can lead to so many physical problems and also de-pression.”

Elizabeth looks astonished and interrupts: “My sister is always sick; she always has something!”

“Stress… toxic stress, long-term, chronic stress!”

She listens in amazement about the link she now discovers: “Wow!”

“Also, on the point of using your full potential, high adrenaline and cortisol levels are neurotoxic; they eat away brain cells, which means that you lose connections in the brain that guide your responses to triggers from the environment. You then develop a limited number of ‘routes to go to’ if something happens. The more a route is walked upon, the stronger it gets. It becomes the standard or safe- mode route. It becomes your way to cope with what happens and you have less of a specialised network to respond differently in different situations. The longer you suppress the stress, the bigger your chances are for all types of NCDs, blood pressure elevation, heart problems, even cancer. If you depress your immune system for a long period, your body has more and more trouble fighting health threats and maintaining your balance, your homeostasis. If you dive into this more deeply, it becomes easier to see how stress physiology plays a role in overall health.”

We mention having noticed that several times, she has brought up the ‘shit’ that has come up. We wonder what it is that she would like to heal from most. “Yeah… again, all the things that I’ve internalised that are very unhealthy. For a long time, my coping mechanism was self-harm, like cutting; that’s how I dealt with stuff. That’s something that still needs to be solved. It really feels like I’ve been cheated out of all the things that other people have, like a good relationship with their parents, and I feel very bitter about that and envious of other people who have that… and that feeling can really affect my relationships with other people. Those are kind of the main things that I hope to sort through with a professional.”

“When you say ‘bitter and envious’… could you rephrase that in a more compassionate way towards yourself?” She smiles and softens: “Yeah… maybe like mourning towards what I did not have…?” “Grief…?” “Yeah, grief is a really good word for that. Grief feels like something that is an easier process than envy is for example. You go through stages of grief and work your way up.” “Yes, exactly, whereas being envious and bitter is still very judgmental towards yourself, instead of compassionate…” She nods: “Yeah…that’s true; that is an interesting perspective once again.

We wonder if she has ideas about why her mom couldn’t offer her the caring and attentive buffering protection.

“I mean… I guess this was partly because she didn’t learn how to do that, as she never received it herself. She also generally feels threatened in her own life, I think, in her identity of being a good mother. It’s ironic, because she used to say that sometimes: ‘I’m such a bad mom.’ I think she was very insecure about that. She really wanted control, and because she had no control in her own life as a child in that chaotic environment, once she became a mother and started her own family she felt that she could exert control. She didn’t want to relinquish it and as I was growing up and starting to question more and more, she just kept that feeling of control. I think she was just scared. I think that after I left home, my mom was probably very sad. I recognise that element and I feel more and more just sad for her; the longer that I’m able to distance myself from that anger, I feel more and more sorry for her almost.”

We mention the sequence of behaviour being a result of an emotion that comes from an unmet underlying need. If you acknowledge that, it changes how you view and address the issue. Focusing on the behaviour leaves a lot of underlying pain unaddressed and may not be very helpful. Somehow, Elizabeth must already be on her healing path, because she acknowledges the intergenerational trauma by seeing that her mom’s behaviour was probably based on feeling scared and she feels sorry for her.

We wrap up and thank Elizabeth very much for her openness and will keep her posted on publication. She guides us downstairs and we say warm goodbyes. As we unlock our bikes, the impressiveness of Elizabeth’s candour still lingers. The clouds from earlier in the morning have disappeared and the sun has come through. The seagulls are still there, flying around and screaming, betraying the closeness of the sea. We decide to cycle to the coast line, walk along the beach, and have lunch with the sun on our faces, while letting the story we were honoured to hear sink in.

Last week, we spoke about the impact of being your authentic self on the relationship with caregivers and how their response to that authentic self can impact your sense of worthiness.

This week, we get to the theme of ‘bad habits’, asking Elizabeth whether she has behaviours she would qualify as such and whether she thinks they have manifested in response to her early years’ experiences. She thinks and says: “Not apologising is definitely one I picked up at home. And once I was finally on my own abroad, substance abuse was a big theme, too: I had no experience with alcohol, and was drunk every night. Also: prejudices. I find myself unconsciously being prejudiced about a lot of things a lot of times, even though I work hard to keep an open mind. Self-righteousness is another one, this feeling of ‘I deserve to do this because I’m better and I know that…’ I would say that I’m often very judgmental.” We ask if this affects her work and she says it does. She explains how she works with many different cultures and how people have different work ethics. She gets ‘unbelievably frustrated’ when people do not deliver on time or do not communicate properly: “My immediate, knee-jerk reaction is always ‘Come on, just do the work!’ and I find it horrible to have these prejudices so quickly; I hate it, as it almost feels like racism sometimes!”

Elizabeth shows impressive and remarkable self-reflection in her words, which is a very promising route to healing. If we understand our behaviours as coping mechanisms to temporarily increase our wellbeing, we can more easily work on them and be more compassionate to ourselves, regardless of the length or duration of the healing journey. The sad part of Elizabeth’s words, however, lies in the fact that she clearly recognises that there are characteristics from her childhood years in her present life that make it hard for her to maintain an open, trusting approach towards people in her social environment, be they colleagues or others, despite her best efforts. There is a lot of self-awareness, followed by self-judgment and shame, feeding into a negative self-image, resulting in even more self-awareness. It is a vicious circle, in its double meaning.

“What do you think… what do you see as the driving force behind those thoughts? Where do they come from? What purpose does it serve to think like that?”

“Euhm…” There is a long pause while Elizabeth thinks about an answer. The seagulls fly around the house and we can hear them screaming while we sit together in intimate silence. She takes her time and then tentatively responds: “I think it comes from a place of impatience, of burying yourself and immersing yourself in your work. As a kid, I would escape in reading; I would read and read all the time, immerse myself into those worlds, to be out of my parents’ hair. I was a smart kid, always ahead of my class, and I think that now, if I feel that someone is not up to my competence, it gets frustrating. The tricky thing is…” She takes a long pause and ponders how to progress. She takes a breath, waits a bit longer and carefully continues: “… it feels almost good, feeling better than the other; it’s a frustration but a satisfying one, to feel better than other people. If I really examine it under a microscope, I think there’s an element of that, that it makes me feel good about myself to see that other people have trouble keeping up with my level of work.”

“How beautiful that you use the word ‘escapism’, because some definitions of trauma say that ‘anything that helps you temporarily relieve the pain from the lack of connection, is addiction’.”

“Hmm… you think my reading was an addiction?”

“Well, you don’t have to necessarily call it addiction, but some people say that anything at all that you cannot do without and is harmful in the long term, but will give you a temporary relief of the pain you are suffering from, could be called an addiction in the sense that it is your way of numbing your pain, of detaching and coping with the difficult situation you find yourself in and that gives you a sense of insecurity and not belonging.”

Elizabeth thinks for a moment and says: “Interesting… My parents used to take away my books as punishment. I thought that was funny, because most parents really struggle to get their kids to read, but now that you mention it… Perhaps them taking away my books was also in a sense traumatic, because it was taking away from me the one thing that would keep me sane. It’s an interesting perspective.”

“It can be very interesting to look at it like that, because it can give you a clearer view of ‘what did I need to make myself feel at least a little bit happy and okay, and what do I do to reconnect with myself to who I feel I truly am and how was that frustrated or punished or blamed or shamed by others or used to make me feel guilty?” You can always ask yourself in what way do the ‘bad habits’ serve you; what do they do for you?”

Elizabeth nods: “Yeah, I always really struggled with my self-image while growing up, as my mom would keep telling me bad things about myself that I believed 100%. This, in turn, can change into self-hatred really quickly… blazing self-hatred that I still struggle with, and that becomes a powerful feeling. I think it serves that purpose, the fact that I feel more competent than others in my work, a temporary little band-aid of ‘I’m not a loser, I’m better than them…’ and finding some comfort in that.”

“Indeed. Some trauma experts would say that if we look at our ‘bad habits’ as our own idiosyncratic way of coping, we can become much more compassionate towards ourselves and we can stop using these very negative labels for ourselves. You already mentioned quite a number of such difficult labels regarding yourself, and I recognize them because I can do that as well. Now that I’ve given this concept a lot more thought, I can recognise it better in myself, and I can also see it when other people do it to themselves: ‘I’m just lazy, I’m just confrontational, I’m just dumb…’ Being non-confrontational, for example, can be labelled as a positive characteristic, but if it’s a form of escapism, as it was for your dad, then it could be toxic as well. Therefore, it often really depends on how you label it. If you label your journey to where you are right now as having been guided by your curiosity, you get a quite different flavour to the story than when you label it as confrontational.”

“Yes… that’s very true…”

Elizabeth mentions escapism, dissociation, disconnecting from her happy self in order to prevent arguments with her parents. She also alludes to the punitive measures her parents took to try and control their daughter and take away from her what she felt really belonged to her: an inquisitive attitude, a burning desire to gain knowledge and satisfy her curiosity, ways to connect to her inner drives. The punishment, however, increases the disconnection, both to her parents and to her authentic self. What brave considerations we witness here. We listen attentively and are mentally present with her story, making it obvious that this time it is all about her views and decisions. By creating holding space for Elizabeth this way, a safe space where she is being heard and seen and where her stories are not judged or rejected, together we can take gentle steps towards reframing these behaviours as coping strategies on all parts. It is an honour to be allowed to witness her opening up and sharing her story with us. For everyone with trauma experiences, support and unconditional love are extremely valuable on the path to healing.

The fine, and sometimes edgy, balance between attachment and authenticity

Last week, we spoke about the impact of shame and disconnection as a hindrance to a sense of true belonging. This week, we will dive deeper into the fine, and sometimes edgy, balance between attachment and authenticity.
We start by asking Elizabeth about the time and process around coming to the conclusion that things were connected, looking back on her childhood years. “I recently did an intake for a psychologist and there, this kind of question came up as well [fortunately!]. What really stands out is a feeling of always walking on eggshells because I never knew what mom was going to blow up over. Despite all the fun stuff at schools and the sports and the lack of financial worries… as soon as I came home, I had to be very cautious because anything could set her off.”

We notice her mom being much more present in her memories than her dad: “Definitely. My mom was the main player. My dad and I never had a bad relationship, even though I was upset that he didn’t defend us, especially if she got really bad, but I never had any animosity against him. It felt like ‘good cop, bad cop’ and my mom was definitely the bad cop.” She laughs, but not happily or wholeheartedly. She pauses and goes on to say: “I have a very distinct memory of when my mom slapped me across the face on an occasion where I was antagonising my little sister. I was very good at that. My mom got angry and slapped me. Something like that didn’t happen very often, though, and when it did, I think I deserved it; I was being a brat. It’s funny, because when I think of the word ‘abuse’, I would never apply it to myself. If someone came to me and told me that she’s living with someone who constantly calls her names and shouts and hits her I would be like ‘Get the hell out of there!’ But although that is basically the relationship I had with my mom, I would never apply the label of being abused to myself, not before and not now. Why not? Well, it carries a lot of weight and so many people are much worse off than me, so I feel I am not entitled to use that label for what happened to me. It would feel like doing others an injustice.” In the silence that follows, we hear the seagulls shouting loudly again. “Yeah”, she resumes, “I’m hoping to talk about this with my psychologist shortly!” With the laugh we all join into, we break the tension that has built up.

This negative self-labelling, the shaming and blaming towards oneself, seeing one’s life story as less worthy or less special is a very common thinking pattern in trauma research. When we come to understand that the ones who are supposed to nurture and protect us, so that we feel happy and alive and safe, end up being the ones who hurt us and make us feel lonely and lacking a sense of belonging, this makes us feel scared, insecure and sad. This can shatter our lifeview to the extent that we tend to find irrational explanations for what happened. As a consequence, we may downplay and downgrade ourselves, and tell ourselves it was not that bad, and that we probably deserved it. So, we built different stories for ourselves, with the same purpose of rescuing ourselves from a sense of deep fear of annihilation and not being worthy of existing at all. This may rescue us for the short term, but the toxic stress builds up and because of the lack of buffering support from a caring, attentive adult our systems get dysregulated for the long term. This need not be the case for everyone all the time, however. Knowing as a parent when and how to be more authoritative (not authoritarian) with a child is a central skill to master when working towards secure attachment. When the attachment is insecure, however, and the authenticity of the child has ‘no place at the table’, it almost never benefits anyone, neither the child nor the parent. This is the story of the struggle between authenticity and attachment that Gabor Maté and Ingeborg Bosch, amongst many others, address in more detail.

We continue wondering: “Isn’t it strange, that as children we are made to feel we deserved an approach like this from our parents?” Elizabeth responds: “My parents called me disrespectful, as I was always talking back to them. The worst, however, was the emotional manipulation, not the physical abuse. It was really emotional. She would just scream, scream, scream at me, call me names, make me feel like I’m a manipulative person. And that is something which I believe still to this day, because she always told me that. It became part of my identity, this feeling of ‘I guess that’s just who I am, a manipulative person’.”
We argue that this can be quite self-destructive. If you hear such qualifications often enough as a child, you will probably start believing in them and maybe even behaving accordingly. She shares some truly saddening memories: “I was around 12 or 13 and many of my friends had anorexia. I myself developed an eating disorder as well and I remember my parents being very unsupportive: ‘This is such bullshit; you are just being a child.’ They brought me to a clinic for therapy and even years after the disorder was solved, whenever I didn’t feel like eating or something, my mom would say: ‘Oh, not this shit again…’ Those moments were some of my lowest points in life, realising that she would not take anything that really bothered me seriously. She didn’t really care or if she did care, it was in a really weird way.”

“Did your sisters have the same issues with your parents?” She’s very determined: “No, it was only me! They dealt with it in very different ways. They were very good at not provoking my mom and not rocking the boat. I was constantly aggravating my parents, talking back and happy to fight. Both of my sisters learned to play the game better, I think, while also watching me as the older sister and realising that they didn’t want to do it like I did.” To the question about what ‘the game’ was, she unflinchingly responds: “Oh, how not to piss mom off, how to keep peace in the household!”. We offer an alternative option: “But what if the game would be ‘how do I stay closest to my authenticity’, you might be the winner, maybe…?” She looks, pauses and then nods: “Yeah, definitely… I was actually shocked to hear from my sisters that they felt exactly the same way as I did emotionally. They just dealt with it differently. I always spoke my mind, and everything would turn into a fight, while they would just be like ‘yes mom’ and go to their room. I guess they watched me and learned the consequences.” We wonder if, looking back, she wished she had dealt with the situation differently and she replies with a resounding ‘No!’ “I am happy that no matter what, I managed to stay true to myself, even if it caused me a lot of pain. I don’t think I could just sit there and take it; that is just not how I am. Whatever personality I developed in those years, it led me to where I am, and to the fantastic life that I’m living now. So, how can I regret it if I love where I stand now?”

We celebrate this conclusion with Elizabeth and wonder if she feels that there are certain aspects of her childhood that are particularly relevant for how she personally developed into her present life. “I think that, to this very day, I have an unquenchable curiosity that comes from all the activities I was able to take part in as a child. It feeds into my love for travelling, my love for nerdy stuff and my wish to get a master’s degree in the field I chose. I really like that about myself. I was able to do a lot, as long as it was not outside of my parents’ realm. For instance, they were very clear about not financing my University if it was not a Christian-based schooling, when I was about 18; “go to a secular school and you’re on your own”, they said.

Then, “My mom used to call me manipulative all the time. In a way, she was right: I can be; I will try to get my own way. I also seem to have inherited my mom’s temper, the hot-headed-ready-to-fight kinda thing. Anger is often my first reaction in case of frustration and this was really something I had to work on when my partner and I were moving in together, finding other ways to channel my anger. The fact that he is such an amazing person and really non-confrontational has been so helpful. I have become much more reflective regarding my own behaviour and I can ask for feedback on how I reacted and make apologies when they are due. Apologising used to make me so uncomfortable; I just didn’t want to admit I was wrong…” She clenches her teeth in thinking about how it felt to her and shakes her head. “Now, I can say ‘look, I’m sorry; can I please make it up to you?’ and that feels really good. It is such a difference…” My mom never apologised to us, never, not to me and my sisters nor to my dad. I never learned how to apologise to others. Only later did I learn that you need to be able to, if you want to fix things with people. She tells us how lately, in COVID time, she connected a bit more with her mom, although any trust that was left was broken. “I don’t want to repeat the experience my mom had with her mom, to go to her deathbed and feel like we never even tried to fix things. She is still not very self-aware, though, and it would be hard for me to talk to her about everything that happened without being accusatory or making her defensive.”

Next week, we will touch on bad habits and addiction, avoiding facing them, and the process of healing helped by unconditional love.

When shame and disconnection hinder true belonging

Last week, we made a start by exploring Elizabeth’s childhood, the things she could remember clearly and the things that seemed to have somehow disappeared.
We continue by diving into her really early years and ask whether there is a certain vibe she can remember from around that time. She sits and thinks… In the background, the sound of seagulls flying over the balcony laces the scene. She then mentions playing violin at the age of 3 or 4, the ebbing and flowing relationship with her sister, and rather detailed memories from Church. “A lot of my really close friends when I was young are from the Church. I have memories of playing outside the Church in this huge cornfield, or going to Jesus camp in the summers, and things like that.”

“Was there something of a real community feeling?”

She agrees: “Yeah, definitely a community feeling. It’s weird, isn’t it? I was super, mega religious until I was about 16. A large part of my youth I was really into the Church, the evangelical branch. I was studying the Bible, doing workshops, and going to camps. There was also an aspect of shaming and control, though. I remember very clearly, I was about 10 – you weren’t allowed to wear shorts above your knee, right, or sleeves above your shoulder, or mobile phones on site. One day, I had shorts that came right above the knee, and the camp director took me aside and gave me a lecture on how that was inappropriate and told me to change clothes. I was so embarrassed… There was definitely an element of shaming and blaming, and very strict rules that we had to adhere to.
Nevertheless, there was also a lot of fun during the camps and with all my friends being in this community, I felt a true sense of belonging. It almost feels like the quintessential part of me growing up was at this camp: the first boy I had a crush on, I got my first period there (a big milestone for me), I got baptised at that camp – just really big life events happened at Jesus camp over the summers. So, I had a big attachment to it; it was such a big part of my life, which is probably why it took me until 16-17 to leave it.”
When asked what happened at that age when she left, she says it was not a defining point, but more of a gradual process with reading and thinking and starting to question the traditional views of her parents and community, for example on homosexuality and religion.

“One of the few memories I have from when I was around 5 – I would take the stereotypical yellow American bus to school every day, right, and I was sitting next to this girl named Zoe, and Zoe told me one day (after she found out that I was as Christian as one can be at that age) that ‘God isn’t real’. And I was like… ‘What do you mean, God isn’t real?’ This was the first time I heard such a thing. So, I went to my mom and asked: ‘Mom, is God real?’ She got so angry: ‘How dare you, asking this question! Of course God is real, you should be ashamed!’ I remember that I was just looking for some comfort, you know, like: ‘Let’s talk about this and discuss, why are you asking this’… that sort of conversation. It wasn’t that at all; my mom showed no curiosity in my questions. Then I thought: ‘Of course she’s right, how could I be asking that…’ But if I still remember that now so vividly, it obviously affected me more than I thought.” She continues: “I was a really smart kid asking all types of questions about the world and seeing different ideologies around me. That got me more and more curious about other things and when I turned 18 I decided to leave home and Church.”

In these previous paragraphs, Elizabeth has mentioned the word ‘shame’ several times. Shame is a very difficult concept to deal with, both for those who experience it and for those who research and try to explain it, because it is a very complicated emotion with many sociocultural aspects. When we are young, we need to feel the love of our closest caregivers to develop a sense of selfworth, to learn that we are worthy of love and belonging. Stressed and struggling parents radiate an energy that is picked up by their children, who, dependent as they are on their parents for survival, try to ease the parental pain and can easily start blaming themselves for it. The self-blame often turns into shame, which can have a pervasively destructive effect on a person’s feeling of worthiness: ‘Do I deserve to be loved? Will these people abandon me because they think badly of me? Should I comply with what is asked of me, so that I am worthy again and fit in?’
Such considerations instill a deep sense of fear and can move people into a constant stress mode in which all kinds of defense mechanisms are activated. As humans, we crave meaningful connection to others, in which we can be ourselves, and if we cannot get that from those in our social environment, we look for other sources of comfort and ways to numb the feeling of loneliness and lack of belonging (which is where addictions and other unhealthy behaviors lurk).
In her book ‘Daring Greatly’, social scientist Brené Brown speaks about how ‘fitting in’ is the exact opposite of ‘belonging’. Aiming to fit in often means that you assess a situation and try to meet the standards of the group; they accept you *despite* your authenticity, as long as you ‘behave’. Belonging means that people accept you *because of* your authenticity; you don’t have to change who you are – you only have to be who you are. Elizabeth gives a couple of examples where fitting in with the standards of others made her feel uncomfortable. It somehow created a disconnection from the self that took her years to identify; she actually says she is still in the middle of reconnecting to her authentic self.

Following up on the talk with her mom about religion, we speak about other situations where she was looking for comfort and about who could provide that for her. “I think my dad and my sister were the ones. My dad… he’s very quiet, very non-confrontational. Then again… I hated him, too, eventually, because he would never stick out for me and my sister; he was always on mom’s side. But, at the same time, he was a very kind and gentle person, so if I would be really upset he would be the one I would go to. Still, this was not in terms of things like ‘I am struggling with my worldview and I need help…’ I would not go with that to my dad either. Yeah, when looking back I feel that there really was this gap of having someone older to go to for advice, or comfort. That part of the parental experience was missing for me; there was no one to always know that I could count on, no constant…” We wonder if it was a lack of a continuous attachment figure and she says: “Yeah, exactly. You switch teachers every year, you move away; there are people you couldn’t really talk to because they were friends of my mom from Church, and so on. Even now, I feel the same. Especially since I’m going through other life milestones like getting my first job now, I would like to be able to talk to my mom about these huge steps and tell her how I feel, but that’s not really there.”
This feeling of lacking trusted figures can thus continue into adulthood; the experience becomes a continuity throughout life. For Elizabeth, this loneliness made childhood difficult and keeps making adulthood complex.

The question comes up whether that lack of connection only has to do with the religious aspects. Elizabeth says her mother became a Christian after her parents started dating at university. Her father grew up with the Church, but her mom only joined later and was then very committed. “I think my mom was looking for meaning in her own life, because she had a terrible, terrible relationship with her parents. When I was four years old, something happened during a visit to my grandparents. My mom walked out and we never went to them again. I was 12 when grandma died, but we did not go to her funeral. It wasn’t even discussed; I had no emotional attachment to her and didn’t miss her when she died. Around that time, when I was already in Europe, I found out that my mom wrote a blog and in it, she pictures her last visit to my grandma, her mom, after not having seen her for years. Apparently, a conversation took place in which my grandma told my mom: ‘I’m so disappointed in you, you’re such a failure in life’, and then she died… I was really shocked, reading that.” We touch on how, regardless of whether these were the actual words, the fact is that this is how it landed with her mother: “So… fully true or not.. that’s how it made her feel, right? This is what she internalised. I completely understand that my issues with my mom growing up fully stem from the issues she had with her mom. We never really talked about it, however, and I would have no clue how I could possibly bring it up, knowing how sensitive it is for her. Sometimes I feel I’m exaggerating the whole thing, but I have started realising that the way it affects me now, shows how relevant this was and how valid my repulsion.”

In these sad lines, we hear Elizabeth elaborate on what are the intergenerational effects of trauma. Her mom has clearly suffered from a very difficult relationship with her own mother, and in hindsight, Elizabeth can see how this impacted the way her mom raised her and her sisters. Seeing a link between your own childhood and that of your parents is already an important discovery to make, one that can serve as a step towards a better understanding of where relational and other issues could originate.

The question of how to address this is very important. In all situations where trauma is present and where shame and blame often play an important role, it can be helpful to find out about the undercurrents, the topics that are not discussed, but are nevertheless present and negatively influence the relationships within a family, a community, a whole culture, even. These undercurrents can sometimes be made visible by a non-invasive approach in which the central question is ‘What happened to you? What is your story?’ If we can provide an environment with holding space, in which we listen wholeheartedly and without judgment and if we can practice what is called ‘compassionate inquiry’, people can maybe find the courage to tell their story, to look at their own life history with new and more compassionate eyes. This can have a very healing effect on everyone involved.

Next week, we will take an even closer look at the family atmosphere in Elizabeth’s home.